
When no metal is container available, water can be boiled using a wood container, and hot stones.Use metal containers, for water boiling and other uses (char material, medicine, cooking food).Contact Time: CDC recommends boiling water for 1 min.


UV steri-pens not worth using long term, batteries are not reliable.Most chemical measurements are based on 32 oz., Mark a dimple large metal bottles.May be resisted by Cryptosporidium and are unsafe for pregnant women. The recommendation is no more than 3 weeks. Iodine, & Chlorine dioxide tablets/drops: These are useful, but not for long term.CDC recommends filtering water first, then boiling for decontamination.Water borne bacteria in North America, Ghardia & Cryptosporidium.
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They must know how to build adequate shelter against wind and rain, and keep himself warm through the bitter nights of winter.” Water Safety “A good woodsman must be able to- enter the wilderness, with no outfit other than what’s carried by horse, canoe, or his back, and find his way without man made marks to guide him they must know the habits and properties of trees and plants, the ways of catching and dressing fish and game, and cooking them over a fire. – The Art of Getting along well in the wilderness by utilizing natures storehouse. Definition of Bushcraft by Horace Kephart
